Is the Federal Reserve finished? There are economic signs to support and to oppose the proposition that the Fed's rate-hike cycle has done its job—slowing the economy enough to cool inflation—and can be ended. Whether the central bank still sees the need for another increase is a key question as we head into the final months of the year. We tend to think it won't, but there has been enough uncertainty about it to cause volatility in both stock and bond markets.
For context, recall that the Fed has raised the federal funds rate target1 to 5.25% to 5.5% from near zero in a little more than a year's time. The impact of that policy tightening is showing up in economic data and lower inflation. Notably, the labor market, which is a key factor for the Fed in setting policy, is showing softness. Job openings have declined, hiring has slowed, wage growth is trending lower and the unemployment rate has ticked higher. The monthly pace of hiring has fallen to 150,000 on a rolling three-month basis, compared with more than 300,000 earlier this year. Wage growth is also slowing down, and the unemployment rate rose in August to 3.8%, the highest level since February 2022.
Moreover, inflation is slowing. The Fed's preferred inflation gauge, the "core" Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index2 (core means it excludes volatile food and energy prices) rose by just 0.2% in July. On a three-month annualized basis, core PCE was up 2.9% year-over-year in July—closer to, but still above the Fed's 2% inflation target.
U.S. stocks and economy: Keep an eye on market breadth
Stock market performance has become "top-heavy" at points during the past couple of years, with gains led by a handful of large stocks. It's not uncommon for the largest-cap stocks to dominate performance in a market-cap-weighted index like the S&P 500® index, in which a handful of stocks have an outsized weighting. But it's a troubling sign when the majority of member stocks are underperforming the overall index—in 2021, for example, it correctly signaled that the S&P 500 rally was losing steam. You can see the pattern in the chart below, which compares the percentage of S&P 500 stocks trading above their 200-day moving averages versus the performance of the S&P 500 index itself. Market breadth waned throughout 2021, and by early 2022 the S&P 500 had reversed its uptrend. Although market breadth improved in the first half of 2023, the two indicators diverged again in late summer.
S&P 500 breadth has not matched performance lately
Fixed income: Longer-term Treasury yields may be near peak
Figuring out which direction Treasury yields will take has not been easy lately. Short-term yields remain near rate-hike-cycle highs, reflecting the potential for another Fed rate hike before the end of the year. Meanwhile, intermediate- to long-term bond yields (which move inversely to prices) have been trading in a broad range over the past month—any sign that the economy was growing at more than a modest pace has sent yields higher, while cooling inflation pressures has sent them lower.
Over the long run the declining trend in inflation and softness in economic growth should allow yields to fall from current levels later this year and into 2024—although it's likely to be a bumpy ride, given the crosscurrents in the market.
Moreover, we believe that the Fed is done hiking rates in this cycle. In the past four cycles, 10-year Treasury yields generally peaked before the last rate hike and then tended to trend lower. It's unusual for long-term yields to peak after the last Fed rate hike. It hasn't happened since the 1970s and early 1980s.
t's very difficult to time the interest rate market. Waiting in short-duration bonds until the Fed is done hiking rates increases reinvestment risk. Yields are at the highest levels in a decade and we don't expect them to stay that high for long.
Global stocks and economy: China and Europe
China has been having a tough year, as a surge in first quarter economic growth was followed by a stall in the second quarter. Our analysis of China's national data shows a country mired in deflation, plunging exports, youth unemployment above 20%, a consumer pullback and an unstable property sector that has led to developers missing bond payments and a trust company failing to repay investors.
That's a real problem for China, as the property market is estimated to have contributed as much as 29% to its gross domestic product (GDP) in recent years. Because property makes up about 70% of wealth for Chinese households (according to analysis of data from China's National Bureau of Statistics), worries about the housing market appear to be eroding overall consumer confidence and the pace of spending on goods.
In response, China has enacted incremental and targeted stimulus measures that may be having some success. Air pollution, measured by U.S. consulates in China, offers a real-time measure of manufacturing and travel in the country—pollution rises along with economic activity. In recent weeks, air quality in China's capital worsened as new stimulus measures were enacted after the July Politburo meeting, reversing some of the decline in emissions during the second quarter as the economy stalled.
Air quality index suggests recent stimulus measures may be having an impact
Meanwhile, European economic indicators have been disappointingly weak since April, to the point that the economy may be back in recession. Yet European equity markets do not seem to reflect this extended string of disappointing data. While the average European stock, measured by the equal-weighted MSCI EMU Index, is down from this year's peak at the end of July, it has outperformed the average U.S. stock so far this year, despite a big difference in economic momentum.
Investor expectations for eurozone growth may already be so low that negative surprises are now expected and no longer seem to hurt stock prices. Investors willing to look beyond the current weakness could start to drive up price-to-earnings ratios from these depressed levels as they anticipate the next upswing. Counterintuitively, a catalyst could include more disappointing economic data if that data were considered weak enough to persuade the European Central Bank to halt its unwinding of quantitative easing that began in March and start cutting interest rates.
What investors can do now
As we've been saying for a while, investors would do well to focus on companies with high-quality attributes (or "factors"), such as strong profit margins and upward revisions to earnings estimates. These companies may be better positioned to weather potential ups and downs.
For fixed income investors, remember that it's very difficult to time the interest rate market. Waiting in short-duration bonds until the Fed is done hiking rates increases reinvestment risk—that is, the risk that you'll have to reinvest maturing securities at lower yields. Yields are at the highest levels in a decade and we don't expect them to stay that high for long. Consider adding longer-duration bonds or bond funds to your portfolio.
Meanwhile, investors should check their international allocations. Those who prefer to stick with U.S. stocks, or who have let their foreign allocations dwindle after years of international underperformance, may be missing out on more than half the global market … and the returning strength of foreign stocks, which are having their moment after years of underperformance compared with U.S. stocks. Appropriate diversification, aligned with your goals and risk appetite, is a good idea in any market.
1 The federal funds rate target range, set by the Federal Open Market Committee, is the rate at which commercial banks borrow and lend their excess reserves to each other overnight. Because it can influence other short-term interest rates (such as those on consumer loans and credit cards) the federal funds rate is among the tools the Fed uses to either stimulate or cool economic growth.
2 Both the PCE Price Index and the PCE Price Index Excluding Food and Energy, also known as the core PCE price index, are released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis as part of the monthly Personal Income and Outlays report. The core index makes it easier to see the underlying inflation trend by excluding two categories—food and energy—where prices tend to swing up and down more dramatically and more often than other prices. The core PCE price index is closely watched by the Federal Reserve as it conducts monetary policy.
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© Charles Schwab
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