2023/24 was the narrowest market since 1998/99. The Nifty 50 period of the 1970s was the narrowest period before that.
Narrow markets are unusual and not the historical norm because of capitalism and competition.
Diversification is key to navigating post-bubble periods because bubbles deflate quickly and rarely reinflate.
Investors seem unduly confident despite unusually narrow markets and as market risks seem to be increasing.
2023/24 was the narrowest stock market since 1998/99’s technology bubble, which in turn was the narrowest market since the Nifty 50 period of the early 1970s. With only three such periods in the past 50 years, narrow markets are the exception and not the rule.
Chart 1 shows how unusual 2023/24’s market has been. Just 30% of the constituents of the S&P 500® outperformed the index in 2023 and slightly less in 2024. That is similar to the 1998/99 period, and both are well below the long-term median of 48%.
Some market observers have suggested the US equity market could be starting a new paradigm of narrow leadership during which only the biggest and most highly capitalized companies will outperform. Such prolonged narrow leadership would be counter to history and even suggests a break down in capitalism.
Competition and innovation are two critical parts to a successful capitalistic economy. Competition drives new product innovation and the improvement of existing products. In addition, thriving capitalism and the resulting competition can help constrain inflation by competition forcing lower prices to combat the risk of losing market share.
Extremely narrow leadership implies a scarcity of growth opportunities, i.e., there are very few companies that can grow. An extended period of narrow leadership, therefore, implies a terrible secular period during which the economy experiences an extended contraction/recession and the resulting scarcity of earnings growth forces companies to lay off workers and decrease capital spending.
Goldman Sachs commented last November1 that the stock market’s performance was the narrowest since the Great Depression. Narrow leadership makes economic sense during an economic depression because companies are trying to survive, let alone grow at a significant rate.
Unlike during the Great Depression, fundamentals haven’t justified today’s extraordinarily narrow leadership. 2023/24’s economy was healthy and late 2022/early 2023’s profits recession was quite mild compared to that during a depression.
When narrow markets broaden, they do so suddenly and for years
If the recent market narrowness assumes that competition and innovation no longer matter, it may only be a matter of time before they broaden. When markets broaden from unusually narrow periods, however, they do so suddenly and for years.
The Goldman analysis also highlights that market volatility tends to significantly increase during the year after extremely narrow markets. Diversification typically constrains portfolio volatility, but narrow markets skew indices’ constituent weightings toward fewer companies effectively making an index less diversified. Increased concentration towards a small number of cyclical companies makes the overall market more susceptible to company-specific risks.
Because narrow markets are the exception and not the rule, history shows that markets broaden for years after periods of extremely narrow market leadership. Investors, however, tend to wait for the abnormally narrow leadership to reassert itself rather than repositioning portfolios for a more normal market.
This was certainly the case after 1998/1999’s narrow markets. Chart 2 shows S&P 500® sector performance during the final year of the Technology Bubble (3/31/99 – 3/31/00). Only 1 sector, Technology, outperformed the market during this period.
The following charts show the same sector performance for the 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 5 years after the bubble’s burst. The Technology sector quickly started to underperform and didn’t recover even after 5 years.
Diversification was critical to surviving the post-bubble period. Although the narrow leadership dragged down the overall market performance, many sectors posted significant positive returns.
Investors are shunning diversification and seem unduly confident
Investors seem unduly confident despite the increased potential for volatility after narrow markets. Diversification today is considered a hinderance to performance by many investors rather than a risk reduction tool or one that might shift portfolios toward under-appreciated investments.
Chart 7 highlights the question in the Conference Board’s Consumer Confidence Survey that asks whether respondents think the stock market will be higher in 12 months. The past two months’ readings show a level of confidence in the stock market never seen in the survey’s history.
Investors’ willingness to take risk is even more startling. Chart 8 shows individual investors’ aggregate portfolio equity beta. Admittedly, we have re-published this chart from BofA Securities for many months. We thought it was extraordinary when their equity beta rose to 1.2, but it has continued to increase as the market continued to narrow. It is now an absolutely mind-boggling 1.7!
The juxtaposition of investors’ historic confidence relative to the performance history when markets broaden from extremes suggests that investors might be ill-prepared for volatility.
If volatility confronts overconfidence, then diversification might save portfolios
It appears that 2025 could be the year when investors’ extreme confidence and willingness to take significant portfolio risk comes face-to-face with the volatility associated with the broadening of a speculative market.
Diversification is one of the basic tenets of investing, but investors’ greed during speculative periods leads them to shun diversification because it looks stodgy, boring, and a lead weight on the potential for high returns. Themes regarding “The Magnificent 7”, “US exceptionalism”, and others reflect the current shunning of diversification.
At RBA, we have always thought it prudent to provide diversification to our investors’ overall portfolios, and we continue to do so. If the stock market does indeed return to the historic norm of broader markets, our added diversification might prove beneficial.
1 Goldman Sachs, “Top of Mind - Market Concentration: How Big a Worry?”, November 25, 2024.
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