We examine the potential effects of Trump’s tax and infrastructure proposals on the muni market
In recent months, the Trump administration has discussed a number of initiatives that could impact the US municipal market — some potentially adversely. At the top of the list are tax reform and major increases in infrastructure spending. Concern over the impact of these policies — particularly changes in tax exemptions currently enjoyed by US municipal investors — has caused some volatility in municipal bonds since the US election. However, while policy uncertainty remains, Invesco’s municipal bond team believes the US municipal market may offer opportunity in 2017. Below, we assess five likely implications on the municipal market in the coming year and beyond.
1. Economic growth and municipal supply expectations
Retail municipal investors reacted to the US presidential election with strong selling pressure. Fears that the Trump administration would potentially lower income tax rates, cap municipal tax exemptions or eliminate the Alternative Minimum Tax raised concerns that municipal bonds would drop in value.
However, the investor exodus from the asset class has subsided this year, and flows have turned modestly positive. At the current level of yields,1 we believe the municipal market offers opportunity. Supporting our positive outlook are this year’s supply expectations. We expect $350 billion to $370 billion in new issuance in 2017, around $70 billion to $90 billion less than in 2016 and $30 billion to $50 billion less than in 2015.2 If we experience slight-to-moderate economic growth, as is our base case, fundamentals among municipal issuers should continue to improve. We believe this backdrop sets the stage for the municipal asset class to perform well this year, assuming there are no major negative surprises on the tax reform front.
2. Tax cuts and the municipal market
We believe there is a high probability that federal income tax rates (particularly at the highest tax brackets) will be adjusted down. However, we do not believe they will be cut as aggressively — for example, to 33% — as has been discussed in the media. Nor do we foresee a significant impact on the municipal market. When former President George W. Bush cut tax rates in 2001 and 2003, there was no discernable impact on the municipal market.3 This was likely because the average tax rate of municipal bond holders was between 23% and 28%, and this has not changed very much since the late 1980s.4 Unless tax cuts are more aggressive than the often-discussed 33% level, we believe the final details of President Trump’s tax plan will likely be met with muted response in the municipal market.
3. Tax exemption of municipal bonds
We do not believe there is a true threat to the tax exemption of municipal bonds. During the Obama administration, this issue was raised regularly, either in the form of a 28% cap on the federal income tax rate or the elimination of the tax exemption altogether. During those years, the conversation never made it past the initial stages for two main reasons: (1) It became clear that the majority of municipal bond holders were not ultra-high earners, as generally thought, but more middle-income investors; (2) A cap on the exemption of tax-exempt interest would increase the borrowing costs for state and local governments. It was recognized that higher borrowing rates could result in less spending on infrastructure and fewer jobs, which could ultimately slow economic growth, place state and local finances under pressure and hinder needed infrastructure improvement. As a result, this proposal was met with strong bipartisan and municipality opposition. We believe similar proposals today would face similar resistance.
4. Greater infrastructure spending
According to the American Society of Civil Engineers, the US needs massive investment in all essential infrastructure, from bridges and airports to dams and railways.5 Much of the economic boom that the US experienced over the last 50 years was due to its network of highways, which made it easy to ship goods. It is believed that if American infrastructure remains in a state of disrepair, it will not only be dangerous but could also hurt the economy in the long run.
For these reasons, we believe, infrastructure was one of the only policies that President Trump discussed in detail on his campaign trail. His original plan called for $1 trillion in infrastructure expenditures over a 10-year period.6 While there are still very few details available on the plan, we envision that at least $25 billion to $50 billion per year would be funded through the tax-exempt municipal bond market. We believe the municipal market could readily absorb this level of supply, especially if it were issued at a measured pace. This is because infrastructure bonds are the building blocks of the municipal market; they appeal to both retail and institutional investors.
5. Non-US demand for municipals
Negative interest rate policies introduced by the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan have led to increased global interest in the US municipal bond market. Although the US municipal asset class has historically been the investment of choice for US retail investors, in the last year, yield-starved non-US investors have flocked to investment grade US municipal bonds.7 They have likely been drawn to this asset class by its history of low volatility8 and near-zero default rates,9 as well as the potential for diversification and attractive yields. Unlike US investors, non-US investors are not eligible to take advantage of the federal tax exemption that municipals are known for. Nonetheless, these investors have piled into the $3.8 trillion market.10 At the end of 2015, foreign investors held around $90 billion in US municipal bonds, up from $72 billion in 2010.11
Municipal bonds have likely been attractive to non-US investors because they are a pure play on the US economy. They held up well as oil spiked and Brexit and other geopolitical events surprised markets. Municipal bonds issued to finance hospitals; universities; water, sewer and electric power facilities; bridges; tunnels; airports; senior living facilities; and public transportation are truly tied to the performance of the US economy. Because these sectors have not historically been tied to the performance of US stocks, investment in the municipal asset class has allowed non-US investors to invest in the US economy without exposure to US equity market risk. If this new source of demand continues at the pace of the last two years, we believe it could provide support to the municipal market going forward and potentially help smooth volatility tied to US retail investment cycles.
For more thoughts on fixed income opportunities in the Trump era, including in municipal bonds, watch the latest Invesco Interactive webcast.
1 Source: Barclays, as of Feb. 28, 2017
2 Source: Bond Buyer, as of Jan. 31, 2017
3 Source: Citigroup, as of Nov. 16, 2016
4 Source: Brandeis/MIT Study by Bergstresser and Cohen, as of July 2015
5 Source: American Society of Civil Engineers, as of March 2013 (most recent data available)
6 Source: Trump/Pence, “Thank You Tour,” Des Moines, Iowa, Dec. 8, 2016
7 Source: Reuters, “U.S. municipal market sales reach 6-year high in 2016.” Dec. 30, 2016
8 Source: Bloomberg Barclays Municipal High Yield Index for the 10-year period ending Dec. 31, 2016. Volatility is measured by standard deviation.
9 Source: Moody’s “US Municipal Bond Defaults and Recoveries, 1970-2015” as of May 2016
10 Source: SIFMA, Feb. 1, 2017
11 Source: Federal Reserve Z1 Report, Dec. 8, 2016
Stephanie Larosiliere
Senior Client Portfolio Manager1
Stephanie Larosiliere is the senior client portfolio manager for the Invesco Municipal Bond team. Ms. Larosiliere works with the fund management team, acting as its representative to retail clients and other intermediaries.
Her responsibilities include working with sales staff and clients to provide insight on the municipal fixed income market and the investment strategies utilized by the team. She is also responsible for ongoing product development and marketing for the municipal bond products.
Ms. Larosiliere joined Invesco in 2011 as a senior product manager supporting the municipal and convertible businesses. Prior to joining Invesco, Ms. Larosiliere served as a vice president in the Goldman Sachs Asset Management fixed income product management team where she was responsible for portfolio analysis, product development, client retention and marketing. Prior to joining Goldman Sachs in 2008, she worked as an institutional product management associate for Brown Brothers Harriman. She began her career in the industry in 2003 as a risk management analyst with JPMorgan Chase where she was responsible for performing daily value at risk (VaR) analysis and monthly stress risk tests on the bank’s credit portfolio.
Ms. Larosiliere earned a BBA degree in finance and investments from Baruch College — The City University of New York (CUNY).
1 Not involved in managing assets of any fund.
Important information
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Municipal securities are subject to the risk that legislative or economic conditions could affect an issuer’s ability to make payments of principal and/ or interest.
Fixed income investments are subject to credit risk of the issuer and the effects of changing interest rates. Interest rate risk refers to the risk that bond prices generally fall as interest rates rise and vice versa. An issuer may be unable to meet interest and/or principal payments, thereby causing its instruments to decrease in value and lowering the issuer’s credit rating.
Investment in infrastructure-related companies may be subject to high interest costs in connection with capital construction programs, costs associated with environmental and other regulations, the effects of economic slowdown and surplus capacity, the effects of energy conservation policies, governmental regulation and other factors.
The information provided is for educational purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation of the suitability of any investment strategy for a particular investor. Invesco does not provide tax advice. The tax information contained herein is general and is not exhaustive by nature. Federal and state tax laws are complex and constantly changing. Investors should always consult their own legal or tax professional for information concerning their individual situation. The opinions expressed are those of the authors, are based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice. These opinions may differ from those of other Invesco investment professionals.
All data provided by Invesco unless otherwise noted.
Invesco Distributors, Inc. is the US distributor for Invesco Ltd.’s retail products and collective trust funds. Invesco Advisers, Inc. and other affiliated investment advisers mentioned provide investment advisory services and do not sell securities. Invesco Unit Investment Trusts are distributed by the sponsor, Invesco Capital Markets, Inc., and broker-dealers including Invesco Distributors, Inc. Each entity is an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. PowerShares® is a registered trademark of Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC, investment adviser. Invesco PowerShares Capital Management LLC (PowerShares) and Invesco Distributors, Inc., ETF distributor, are indirect, wholly owned subsidiaries of Invesco Ltd.
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Fiscal policy and the muni market: Five areas to watch by Invesco
