Notice: The UIG is being discontinued following the October 12 release. For an alternative measure of inflation persistence please see the NY Fed's Multivariate Core Trend Inflation.
Economists at the NY Federal Reserve Bank introduced a new measure of trend inflation in September 2017, the Underlying Inflation Gauge (UIG), meant to complement the current standard measures. Investors and policymakers alike have an interest in the behavior of inflation over longer time periods.
The trend component of inflation is not an observed measure and a proxy measure is required to calculate it. To calculate trend inflation, transitory changes in inflation must be removed such as volatile components or specific items. Core CPI, which is the most widely used and accepted form of estimating trend inflation, only focuses on price components. The UIG derives trend inflation from a large set of data that extends beyond price variables. Additionally, it has shown higher forecast accuracy than traditional core inflation measures.
Here’s what the NY Fed says about the UIG:
“…the design of the UIG is based on the premise that movements in trend inflation are accompanied by related changes in the trend behavior of other economic and financial series. Consequently, we examine a large data set to identify the common component of other economic and financial series and then focus on the persistent part of the common component.”
The UIG uses a dynamic factor model for large data sets and uses two different sets for calculations. The first is a disaggregated price data series in the CPI, called “prices only” and the second is the CPI disaggregated price series plus a wide range of macroeconomic and financial data, called the “full set”. The major difference between say, Core CPI data, and the UIG data is that the UIG adds instead of removes information that signal changes in trend inflation.
UIG data goes back to 1995 and includes three recessions. Here is a chart of both the full set and prices-only series. You’ll notice the difference between the full and prices-only sets, especially during recessions, which is a result of the additional information included in the full set, like macroeconomic factors.
The latest Underlying Inflation Gauge full data set for September is 2.9%, down 0.1% from last month, while the prices-only measure is 2.2%, down 0.2% from last month. Current Headline CPI is now 3.7% and Core CPI is 4.2%.
Here are the two UIG series compared with Core CPI. The full set diverges from Core CPI often and there are periods where UIG movements lead those in Core CPI.
Let’s take a closer look at UIG and Core CPI. Note the divergent periods - the purple arrows indicate the respective peaks of the two series. The UIG has led major turning points in the CPI.
The UIG can be a useful complement to the traditional core inflation measures. While the NY Fed economists caution against placing too much emphasis on UIG as a forecasting tool, the UIG still offers meaningful information not provided in Core CPI.
Data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Underlying Inflation Gauge, https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/policy/underlying-inflation-gauge.
Read more updates by Jen Nash
