U.S. Agency Bonds: What You Should Know

For this article, we are focusing solely on bonds issued by the agencies, and not mortgage-backed securities. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Government National Mortgage Association, or Ginnie Mae (not mentioned in this article), issue and back mortgage-backed securities, but those are different from the traditional bonds discussed in this article.

Government-sponsored enterprises do not have the explicit backing of the U.S. government. Although GSEs are considered to have the implicit backing of the government, they are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Because agency bonds have more credit risk (that is, the risk that they will fail to make timely interest payments or even, in a worst-case scenario, fail to repay principal) than Treasuries, they would generally have a greater risk of default should one of the issuers face financial hardship.

However, the current—and historically recurring—debt ceiling debate and the potential risk of a U.S. default shouldn't necessarily have an impact on agency bonds. They are not considered direct obligations of the U.S. government, as the agencies and GSEs that issue them are generally self-funded. However, should one of the agencies need U.S. assistance while the U.S. was in default—which we don't believe is likely—then that could pose a risk to agency bond investors, as the government would not likely be able to help in a timely manner.

Given that implicit backing, agency bonds generally carry the same credit ratings as the U.S. government, which is currently rated Aaa/AA+/AAA by Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch Ratings, respectively.² If one or more of the rating agencies downgraded the rating of the U.S. government as a result of the political wrangling around the debt ceiling, that would likely result in a downgrade of the agencies, as well.

Agency bonds have continued to make timely interest and principal payments despite a number of concerns over the years. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, for example, were placed under conservatorship by the U.S. government back in 2008. Both GSEs are public companies, and the conservatorship means that the Federal Housing Finance Agency (its regulator) "has the powers of the management, boards, and shareholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac continue to operate as business corporations."³

Here are a handful of things to know before considering agency bonds.

1. The yield advantage over Treasuries is relatively low

Because agencies aren't explicitly backed by the U.S. government, they tend to offer a yield advantage over U.S. Treasuries. That extra yield is called a "spread" and fluctuates based on market conditions.

Spreads rose sharply during the 2008-2009 financial crisis, especially as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed into conservatorship. While the agencies have continued to make on-time principal and interest payments, that wasn't known back in 2008 and investors understandably got nervous, sending spreads up to 1.75%, on average. Spreads spiked again in March 2020 but fell quickly given the swift government intervention.

The Bloomberg U.S. Agency Index has an average spread of just 29 basis points, or 0.29%, meaning investors aren't earning much additional yield over Treasuries relative to history. The chart below highlights that the average spread of the index rarely dipped below 0.25% until recently. While up from the recent lows, the average spread of the index is below the 20-year average of 0.42%.

This doesn't mean investors should ignore agencies, however. It just might make more sense to focus on specific maturities where there is a more attractive yield advantage, as we discuss next.

2. The relative attractiveness of agency bonds varies based on maturity

Short-term agencies offer relatively similar yields as Treasuries, and they don't start to offer a noticeable yield advantage until the 2-year maturity mark or so, as the yield curve chart below illustrates.

Keep in mind that the agency yields shown below are averages. There are a lot of different agency issuers and they may each have maturities around the same date—in other words, there isn't necessarily a "benchmark" two- or five-year agency note. On average, though, there doesn't appear to be much value with agencies of maturities of under two years.

For investors considering very short-term investments, certificates of deposit (CDs) generally offer higher yields than Treasuries and agencies. Although agencies are government-sponsored enterprises, they are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. CDs are issued by banks but are backed by FDIC insurance (up to a limit, of course) and are therefore considered to be of high quality.⁴

3. "Callable" agencies generally offer higher yields but come with call risk

A bond with a call feature allows the issuer to "call" it, or redeem it, before the stated maturity date. The call date and price are generally known in advance but can vary.

Issuers often include call features for flexibility. If yields fall after the bond was issued, this may allow the issuer to issue a new, lower-yielding bond and use those proceeds to "call" the higher-yielding bond.

Investors generally face reinvestment risk if their callable bond gets called, as they'll likely need to invest those funds into a lower-yielding bond. Callable agency bonds tend to be issued with slightly higher yields than noncallable bonds to compensate for call and reinvestment risk.

Callable agencies tend to be issued in smaller deal sizes than noncallable agencies, usually resulting in less liquidity. That may be a risk if an investor needs to sell a callable agency before maturity, as there might not be as many potential buyers as a larger, noncallable bond may have.

There can be advantages with callable bonds, like the higher yields they tend to offer. If yields don't fall after investing, you may end up earning a higher yield than you may have otherwise earned if you invested in a noncallable bond. Also, even if a bond gets called early due to a drop in rates, the yield earned over that time period may be higher than what was available for other investments with that same short-term time horizon.

When considering callable bonds, be prepared for any outcome. In other words, there's a possibility that it gets called and you'll then need to replace that called bond with a new investment. Just as important is to be prepared to hold the callable bond to maturity, because it's not known in advance if or when the issuer may call it.

4. Consider taxes

There may be tax benefits of investing in some—but not all—agency bonds. The income from agency bonds is subject to federal income taxes when held in taxable accounts, but income from some of the agencies is exempt from state and local income taxes:

• Not exempt from state and local income taxes: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
• Exempt from state and local income taxes: FHLB, FFCB, and TVA

Keep in mind that interest from U.S. Treasuries is exempt from state and local taxes, so when considering agencies relative to Treasuries, a U.S. Treasury may offer a higher after-tax yield depending on the agency issue and state and local tax rates. As always, we suggest investors consult with a tax specialist when considering the tax consequences of a given investment.

What to consider now

U.S. agency bonds can be considered by investors looking to earn slightly higher yields without taking too much additional credit risk. While agencies are government-sponsored enterprises, they are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

Callable agencies may make sense for investors looking for even higher yields, but investors should always be cognizant of the risk of a call before maturity, likely resulting in reinvestment risk. Likewise, investors shouldn't assume that an issue will be called at its first call date—always consider the maturity date of a callable issue and be prepared to hold it for the entirety of its maturity.

Finally, consider the tax consequences of agency bonds, as some may be more attractive than others on an after-tax basis, especially for investors in high-tax states.

¹ The Tennessee Valley Authority is a federal agency, not a government-sponsored enterprise. However, their debt securities are not considered obligations of the U.S. government and do not carry a government guarantee. Source: Tennessee Valley Authority.

² The Moody's investment grade rating scale is Aaa, Aa, A, and Baa, and the sub-investment grade scale is Ba, B, Caa, Ca, and C. Standard and Poor's investment grade rating scale is AAA, AA, A, and BBB and the sub-investment-grade scale is BB, B, CCC, CC, and C. Ratings from AA to CCC may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories. Fitch's investment-grade rating scale is AAA, AA, A, and BBB and the sub-investment-grade scale is BB, B, CCC, CC, and C.

³ Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, "History of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Conservatorships," October 17, 2022.

⁴ The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is an independent agency that maintains the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. Its purpose is to protect depositors' funds placed in banks and savings associations. The FDIC insures accounts held at member banks up to $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, based on ownership category. However, all deposits held at the same FDIC-insured bank in the same ownership capacity are added together to determine the depositor's total amount of FDIC insurance coverage at that bank.

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